Frozen shoulder, medically known as "adhesive capsulitis," is a condition characterized by inflammation and thickening of the shoulder capsule and ligaments. Although the exact cause of frozen shoulder is unknown in most cases, it can lead to significant pain and stiffness in the affected shoulder. The stiffness may result in limited range of motion, making it difficult to lift the arm above the shoulder or reach behind the back. The condition can affect anyone, but it's more common in people aged 40 to 60 and those with certain medical conditions like diabetes, thyroid disorders, or Parkinson's disease. With appropriate treatment, most people with frozen shoulder can regain full shoulder function within a year or two.
In cases where non-surgical treatments such as physical therapy, pain management, heat and ice therapy, joint mobilization, and corticosteroid injections prove to be ineffective, surgical intervention may be suggested.
Women between the ages of 40 and 50, those with diabetes or thyroid conditions, and individuals with previous shoulder trauma or recent shoulder treatment (surgical or non-surgical) requiring prolonged use of a sling are at increased risk for developing shoulder problems.
Frozen shoulder typically presents with a constant dull aching pain that can be especially noticeable at night, leading to disturbed sleep. Moving the stiffened shoulder can cause sharp pain, and everyday tasks such as dressing, personal hygiene, and driving can become difficult due to impaired ability. The shoulder stiffness is typically worse when attempting to rotate the arm.
The condition progresses in three stages. During the 'Freezing' stage, the shoulder is still movable but very painful. This stage can last for 3-6 months. In the 'Frozen' stage, stiffness worsens, and pain gradually decreases. Stiffness is often at its worst when attempting to rotate the arm outward, and this stage can last for 6-12 months. The final stage is the 'Thawing' stage, which is characterized by the absence of pain and a gradual improvement in shoulder movement. However, there may still be some residual stiffness. The entire process of frozen shoulder typically takes 18-24 months to resolve. In some cases, an arthroscopic release may be necessary to treat residual stiffness.
Besides a thorough clinical examination of the patient's medical history and range of motion, the following investigations are helpful in diagnosing frozen shoulder:
